Acupuncture point selection for prevention and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder from the perspective of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis / 国际中医中药杂志

Disorders of the gut flora (GF) affect the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and influence the development of the disease. Most of the acupuncture points selected for GAD are based on the principles of local acupuncture points and acupuncture points following the distant channels of the meridians, regarding Baihui (DU 20), Fengchi (GB 20), and Yintang (GV 29) as the main acupuncture points, and the acupuncture points selected for the regulation of GF are Zhongwan (CV 12), Tianshu (ST 25), and Guanyuan (RN 4) and Zusanli (ST 36). Recently, many studies have been conducted on the mechanism of action of acupuncture in the treatment of GAD from the perspective of GF, but few have investigated the theoretical of acupuncture points used to prevent and treat GAD. This paper discusses the theoretical basis of acupuncture to regulate the "microbiota-gut-brain axis" (MGBA) for the prevention and treatment of GAD, and proposes the method of "regulating the internal organs and calming the mind and relieving anxiety" through analyzing the researches on the regulation of GF and GAD.

Relationship between gut microbiota and substance addiction and its research progress / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Microbiota is the entire collection of microorganisms in a specific niche, such as the human gut. It impacts almost all organ systems and is related to disease resistance and susceptibility of the host. The microbiome refers to all of the genetic material within a microbiota. Microbiota is studied by means of sequencing specific genes or metagenomes; analyzing the species and their abundance and function; and determining the structure, diversity, evolutionary relationships, biological and medical significance, and their interactions with the environment of the microbiota. Human gut microbiota refers to that living in the human intestinal tract, including bacteria, fungi and viruses (bacteriophages). Current studies show that gut microbiota is closely related to human health, and its influence scope is far beyond the digestive system, but also involves the immune system, cardiovascular system, nervous system and other aspects. Substance addiction, a chronic recurrent brain disease, is characterized by persistent craving for addictive substances and forced drug use, which can cause changes in gut microbiota. We intend to discuss the relationship of gut microbiota with alcohol, cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine and other addictive substances, indicating that intervention in gut microbiota, which affects the structure and function of the brain, may become a new way to treat substance addiction.

Progress of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of white matter injury in preterm infants / 国际儿科学杂志

White matter injury in preterm infants is a unique form of brain injury.It is one of the most common cause of chronic neurological diseases such as cerebral palsy and various neurobehavioral disorders.Perinatal infection, inflammation and hypoxic ischemia are related to the pathophysiology of white matter injury in preterm infants.Signals released by the gut microbiota, such as microbial metabolites, can modulate inflammatory and immune responses characterized by microglial activation, and ultimately it affects the differentiation of premyelin oligodendrocytes and causes white matter injury in preterm infants.Recently more attention has been paid to the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of white matter injury in preterm infants.This article reviews the progress of "microbiota-gut-brain axis" involved in the pathogenesis of white matter injury in preterm infants, so as to provide reference for further prevention and treatment of white matter injury.

Research progress of gut microbiota in the antidepressant effect of traditional Chinese medicine / 药学学报

Depression is a common emotional mental disorder. Patients not only continuously showed depression, pessimism and apathy in mood, but also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and constipation in body. Widely attention has been also received in the potential biological role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of depression. It plays an important role in the interaction between the intestine and the brain, not only affecting the intestinal barrier function, but also maintaining the homeostasis of host through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In recent years, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the advantages of obvious therapeutic effects and few side effects when treating neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression. The pharmacological mechanism of TCM exerting antidepressant effects by regulating the structure of gut microbiota, reducing displacement, and maintaining the normal function of gut microbiota has been also widely concerned. By investigating the relevant literature in recent years, this paper summarizes the antidepressant effect of TCM in different directions such as Chinese medicine monomer, single medicine and compound medicine. And this paper reviews the antidepressant effects and mechanisms of TCM at different levels, such as the correction of gut microbiota structure, the regulation of immunity, the transplantation of gut microbiota and the regulation of its metabolites. This paper will provide a basis for further explaining the mechanism of gut microbiota in depression and the mechanism of antidepressant effect of TCM.

Effects of Nardostachys jatamansi on gut microbiota of rats with Parkinson's disease / 中国中药杂志

Under the guidance of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory of "Zangfu-organs of spleen and stomach" and the modern theory of "microbiota-gut-brain axis", this study explored the effects of Nardostachys jatamansi on the gut microbiota of rats with Parkinson's disease(PD). The 40 SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, PD model group, levodopa group, and Nardostachys jatamansi ethanol extract group. The PD model was established by subcutaneous injection of rotenone in the neck and back area. After 14 days of intragastric administration, the PD rats' behaviors were analyzed through open field test, inclined plane test, and pole test. After the behavioral tests, the striatum, colon, and colon contents of rats in each group were collected. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) and α-synuclein(α-syn) in striatum and that of α-syn in colon. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) in striatum and colon. High-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene was conducted to detect the differences in microbial diversity, abundance, differential phyla, and dominant bacteria of rats between groups. The results indicated that Nar. ethanol extract could relieve dyskinesia, reverse the increased levels of α-syn, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB in striatum, and improve the protein expression of TH in striatum of PD rats. The α diversity analysis indicated a significant decrease in diversity and abundance of gut microbiota in the PD model. The results of linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEfSe) of dominant bacteria indicated that Nardostachys jatamansi ethanol extract increased the relative abundance of Clotridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Anaerostipes, and reversed the increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia-Shigella in PD model group to exhibit the neuroprotective effect. In summary, the results indicated that Nar. ethanol extract exert the therapeutic effect on PD rats. Specifically, the extract may regulate gut microbiota, decrease the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and reduce the protein aggregation of α-syn in the colon and striatum to alleviate intestinal inflammation and neuroinflammation. This study provides a basis for combining the theory of "Zangfu-organs of spleen and stomach" with the theory of "microbiota-gut-brain axis" to treat PD.

The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders

The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional signaling mechanism between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The complexity of the intestinal ecosystem is extraordinary; it comprises more than 100 trillion microbial cells that inhabit the small and large intestine, and this interaction between microbiota and intestinal epithelium can cause physiological changes in the brain and influence mood and behavior. Currently, there has been an emphasis on how such interactions affect mental health. Evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota are involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review covers evidence for the influence of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior in Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. The primary focus is on the pathways involved in intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that can activate the host's immune system. We also list clinical evidence regarding prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as adjuvant therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Research advances on relationship between gut microbiota and anorexia nervosa / 中华全科医师杂志

Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distortion of body image, longstanding dietary restriction and low body weight, which has an impact on the cognition, behavior and emotion of patients to varying degrees. Recently, thanks to the advances of microbiota-gut-brain axis research, the role of gut microbiota in the mechanisms of anorexia nervosa has been elucidated. The application of probiotics has been proved to alleviate anxiety, depression and improve appetite, which is expected to be an important measure for the treatment of anorexia nervosa in the future.

Correlation of gut microbiota and ischemic stroke: a review / 中国中药杂志

With the widespread application of next-generation sequencing(NGS), especially 16 S rRNA and shotgun sequencing, researchers are no longer troubled with massive data on the gut microbiota, and the correlation between the gut microbiota and the brain(central nervous system) has been gradually revealed. Research on the microbiota-gut-brain axis(MGBA) based on the gut microbiota have provided insights into the exploration of the pathogenesis and risk factors of ischemic stroke(IS), a cerebrovascular disease with high disability and mortality rates, and also facilitate the selection of therapeutic targets of this class of drugs. This study reviewed the application of NGS in the study of gut microbiota and the research progress of MGBA in recent years and systematically collated the research papers on the correlation between IS and gut microbiota. Furthermore, from the bi-directional regulation of MGBA, this study also discussed the high-risk factors of IS under the dysregulation of gut microbiota and the pathophysiological changes of gut microbiota after the occurrence of IS and summarized the related targets to provide a reliable reference for the therapeutic research of IS from the gut microbiota.

Microbiota intestinal y trastornos del comportamiento mental / Intestinal microbiota and mental behavior disorders

Introducción: Se actualiza la relación del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro con enfermedades neurológicas y psiquiátricas, en particular en trastornos del comportamiento en la infancia y adultos postulados en años recientes. Objetivo: Analizar la participación del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro con alteraciones del comportamiento humano, con preferencia en la infancia y el papel de la disbiosis como factor determinante. Métodos: Se revisaron las publicaciones sobre el tema en español e inglés en bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO y Latindex desde el 2015 hasta el 30 septiembre de 2019. Resultados: Se actualizaron los criterios sobre el papel del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, posibles vías de acción y asociación con disbiosis y otros factores, desencadenados por alteración de la microbiota intestinal y su influencia en los trastornos del comportamiento mental, representados por el espectro autista, hipoactividad/ hiperexcitabilidad, ansiedad y depresión. Consideraciones finales: Los conocimientos alcanzados en el último decenio en estudios experimentales en ratones y la aplicación de sus resultados en humanos, sobre el papel del eje bidireccional microbiota-intestino-cerebro y sus relaciones con el equilibrio y desequilibrio de la microbiota intestinal, argumentan la posible participación del eje referido en el neurodesarrollo, afectación cerebral y neuromodulación y en especial en trastornos de conducta, como el espectro autista y otras afecciones analizadas(AU)

Introduction: The microbiota-gut-brain axis´ relation with neurological and psychiatric diseases is updated, in particular in behavioral disorders in children and adults postulated in recent years. Objective: To analyze the participation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in alterations of human behavior, with a preference in childhood and the role of dysbiosis as a determining factor. Methods: It was reviewed the literature on the subject in Spanish and English in databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO and Latindex from 2015 until September 30, 2019. Results: The criteria were updated on the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, possible ways of action and association with dysbiosis and other factors triggered by alteration of the intestinal microbiota and its influence on mental behavior disorders represented by the autism spectrum, hypoactivity/ hyperexcitability, anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Knowledge achieved in the last decade in experimental studies in mice and the application of their results in humans, the role of the microbiota-gut-brain bi-directional axis and its relations with the balance and imbalance of the intestinal microbiota argue on the possible involvement of the referred axis in neurodevelopment, brain affectation and neuromodulation, and especially in behavioral disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders and other conditions analyzed(AU)

Discussion of Correlation Between Chronic Psychological Stress Induced Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis and Study on Intervention Mechanism of Xiaoyaosan / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Psychological stress （pressure） has gradually become an important factor affecting human physical and mental health， and is one of the important factors in the progression of clinical chronic refractory diseases. Psychological stress response can be attributed to the category of emotional illness in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. In the theory of TCM， the liver controls dispersion and regulates mental activity. Relevant scholars believe that the liver is the core of psychological stress response in the TCM theory. When being stimulated by chronic or repeated psychological stress， the body can gradually change from the initial depression and anxiety-rela behaviors to the gastrointestinal dysfunctions， which is similar to the formation process of the syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency with liver-spleen disharmony. The syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency is also the common syndrome of TCM for psychological stress-related diseases. With the effect in soothing liver and invigorating spleen， Xiaoyaosan has been regarded as the classic formula for anti-stress. Modern studies have showed that gut microbiota not only get involved in the movement， structure and function of the digestive tract， but also affect the brain function and behavior of the host through the gut-brain axis. Therefore， the microbiota-gut-brain axis has become an important part of psychological stress to trigger the body's gastrointestinal symptoms and abnormal brain behaviors. Focusing on psychological stress， the authors explored the correlation between the syndrome of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency and the microbiota-gut-brain axis， and the intervention mechanism of Xiaoyaosan， so as to enrich the scientific connotation of the syndrome of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency.

Intestinal Microbiota and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Basic and Clinical Study / 胃肠病学

The relationship between intestinal microbiota and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) has become one of the hottest topics. The latest Rome criteria states that FGIDs have been more than just gastrointestinal disorders, and that abnormal brain-gut interaction may persist throughout the onset of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Intestinal dysbiosis is considered to be an important initiating factor leading to disorder of brain-gut interaction, constituting the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which has become a new research hotspot. Especially in the study of IBS, the intestinal dysbiosis has been confirmed to be related to IBS immune abnormalities and clinical symptoms. Using probiotics to regulate intestinal flora of IBS has achieved good efficacy, and other intestinal flora intervention strategies are being explored.

Research progress in relationships between intestinal flora imbalance and gastrointestinal motility disorders in neurodegenerative diseases / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis are common neurodegenerative diseases, which are often accompanied by gastrointestinal motility disorders and intestinal flora imbalance. Gut microbiota have been shown to regulate brain function through the neuroendocrine system and the nervous immune system. It has been found that gastrointestinal dysfunction occurs earlier than neurodegenerative disease, and that gut microbiota are closely related to gastrointestinal motility. Intestinal flora may also affect neurodegenerative diseases through intestinal nerve systems. This article aims to review the recent advances in the study of the mechanism by which gut microbiota regulate neurodegenerative diseases with gastrointestinal motility disorders through crosstalk of the neuroendocrine system and the nervous immune system in order to facilitate the future study of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases as well as the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from gastroin-testine.

Advances in the relevance of laryngopharyngeal reflux and tinnitus / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Tinnitus is the most common symptom in otorhinolaryngology. In the past, tinnitus was often localized in the auditory system lesions, causing a great amount of idiopathic tinnitus patients inadequately treated. At present, it is believed that the pathogenesis of tinnitus not only originates from auditory system itself, but also participates in systemic disorders. In recent years, investigating in the effects of laryngopharyngeal reflux on tinnitus is undergoing rapid progress. This review highlights the current state of relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux and tinnitus, which may provide a new systemic insight into diagnosis and treatment on tinnitus as well as laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Advance in Relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Microbiome (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

It has been increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to the development of central nervous system and emotional processing for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The interconnection of gut microbiome and brain function has significantly contributed to establishing the microbiota-gut-brain axis as an extension of the well-accepted gut-brain axis concept. The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota and the brain occurs through various pathways including serotonin, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotrophin, and the immune system. The microbiota-gut-brain axis has been shown to influence the behaviors associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. Modulation of this gut microbiota as a novel therapy for ASD is gaining interest. This paper summarized the status of neuropsychological microbiome, which provided evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.

Progress in research on relationship between gut microbiota and drug addiction and related neuropsychiatric diseases / 中国药理学通报

Drug addiction has not only seriously damaged the addicts' health, but also caused a huge social and economic burden, threatening public safety. Meanwhile, the number of drug addicts continues to rise and the relapse rate remains high. Actually drug addiction is a kind of chronic brain disease. It is of no avail to reduce the psychological requirement of addicts via alternative drug treatments such as methadone, non-pharmacological treatments, surgical treatment, mindfulness therapy, and repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation etc. In fact, the rate of relapse is still high, accompanied by a series of huge limitations. Therefore, it is of great importance to find new therapeutic drugs and methods for drug addiction. In recent years, numerous studies of intestinal flora and neuropsychiatric diseases have been reported, gradually revealing the link between the intestinal microbiota and the nervous system. With the discovery of the "microbiota-gut-brain axis", the effect of gut microbiota on related aspects of drug addiction has won increasing attention. As a result, this thesis will review the research progress of the relationship between gut microbiota, neuropsychiatric diseases and drug addiction by means of looking up domestic and foreign documents.

Gut microbial diversity and neurological diseases / 中国药理学通报

Gut microbiota can interact with the brain through neuronal, endocrine, immune and metabolic pathways. This interaction is called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Increasing studies have demonstrated that the structure and diversity of gut microbes can influence host neurological diseases, including depression, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal gut microbial structures may cause disease, while appropri- A te microbiome prevents and cures disease. This article reviews the correlation between gut microbial diversity and some neurological diseases in order to provide new ideas and methods for the treatment of these diseases.

Hypothesis and prospects of disturbed gut microbiota in major depressive disorder / 中国实验动物学报

Major depressive disorder ( MDD) is one of the severe mental illness caused by genetic and environ-mental interactions. There are several hypotheses that sought to account for this disorder. However, none of them is widely recognized. Gut microbiome, the largest and most direct external environment for human body, is considered as a new focus in the research of MDD. Based on the new development, we will summarize the following aspects of MDD in this article:(1) How the gut microbiome shapes the brain neurochemistry and behaviors through microbiota?gut?brain axis?(2) Associ?ation between disturbances of gut microbiome and MDD;(3) The potential pathogenesis of gut microbiome in the onset of MDD;(4) The prospects of developing new diagnosis and treatment for MDD by targeting microbiota?gut?brain axis.